STUDY OF REGULARITIES OF AIR CONSUMPTION BY DIVERS DURING UNDERWATER DEMINING

Abstract

If the experience of explosions on land, in this case in Ukraine [1], has accumulated vast experience, the issues of improving the efficiency of exploration and demining of the aquatic environment need further development, as the number of explosive substances that pollute peaceful waters, in that case of critical infrastructure (Fig. 1), does not decrease significantly [2]. An analysis of the literature has shown that since the First World War and during and after the Second World War, several world powers have dropped both chemical and conventional weapons into the oceans around the world. Thus, approximately 175,000 mines were laid in the Baltic Sea during the world wars. There are currently about 1985 minefields in the Baltic Sea and another 4,400 in the North Sea. The Baltic Ammunition Safety Council (BOSB) coordinates efforts and ensures common approaches [3]. However, the BOSB guidelines do not address the specifics of the use of existing demining facilities, and they have their own specifications in each country. A similar situation occurs off the coast of North America. In [4] the existing approach to the management of emergencies related to underwater munitions facilities is considered, which includes the characteristics of the facility, risk assessment, survey results, as well as potential problems related to personal health. composition of pyrotechnics. At the same time, the preliminary ranking based on the risks of underwater ammunition does not take into account the time of operational work of personnel, and it is directly related to the time of protective action of personal respiratory protection. The tactical and technical characteristics of the latter are directly related to pulmonary ventilation or air flow of rescuers [5]. In [6] it is noted that even in the case when ammunition buried under water and it is unlikely that they will require withdrawal in the near future, there is a need for their underwater positioning, which without underwater reconnaissance is almost impossible. And the organization of its carrying out again demands knowledge of an estimation of time of work of pyrotechnicians under water. And even the use of autonomous submarines based on sensor technology, the use of chemical and biometric sensors, is based on underwater operational activities of personnel involved in the detection of underwater ammunition [7], which also requires consideration of the physiological characteristics of submarines. Thesameiscanceledin [8,9], itisshownthatflexibilityinplanningandexecutionofimprovisedworksonsubjectswhichdidnotexplodecreatesinvolvementofprofessionalsinthecarried-outimprovisedworksonapplicationofthecorrespondingmeansofindividualprotectionoflifeorgans, tacticalandtechnicalcharacteristicscorrespondtodivers. ThemodernEuropeanperspective of preventing emergencies related to the underwater location of explosive objects is the application of the principles of "do not blow up" [11] and the transition to the realization of the capabilities of underwater robots [12]. But in the first and in the second case without the participation of specially trained divers [13] can not do, and the organization of their activities requires knowledge of estimates of the time of possible work of personnel, especially in the case of autonomous breathing apparatus [14,15]. Similar problems exist in Ukraine, where only in the Kherson region in the Black Sea were found two ships from the past wars, which in accordance with the Plan for the organization of reconnaissance and demining of the Kherson region are subject to priority demining. At the same time, the practice of demining with the destroyer Frunze near the Tenderovska spit of Holoprystansky district showed that the lack of documents in the AVM documents did not contribute to the planning of operational activities of the underwater demining department of the group of pyrotechnic works and special diving works. [17,18] estimates of thetimeofoperationalworkunderwater.